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”’Heike Kamerlingh Onnes”’ ( 21 September 1853 – 21 Feb 1926) would be a Nederlander physicist + and Nobel laureate + . He exploited the Hampson-Linde cycle + to research how materials behave when cooled to almost absolute zero + and then to liquefy helium + the very first time. His manufacture of extreme cryogenic temperatures brought to his discovery of superconductivity + in 1911: for several materials, electrical resistance + abruptly vanishes at really low temperatures.

Kamerlingh Onnes was created in Groningen + . Netherlands. His father, Harm Kamerlingh Onnes, would be a brickworks owner. His mother was Anna Gerdina Coers of Arnhem + .

In 1870, Kamerlingh Onnes attended the College of Groningen + . He studied under Robert Bunsen + and Gustav Kirchhoff + in the College of Heidelberg + from 1871 to 1873. Again at Groningen, he acquired his masters in 1878 along with a doctoral in 1879. His thesis was “Nieuwe bewijzen voor de aswenteling der aarde” (”tr”. New proofs from the rotation of the world). From 1878 to 1882 he was assistant to Johannes Bosscha + . the director from the Delft Polytechnic + . to whom he substituted as lecturer in 1881 and 1882.

He was married to Maria Adriana Wilhelmina Elisabeth Bijleveld (m. 1887) coupled with one child, named Albert. His brother Menso Kamerlingh Onnes + (1860–1925) would be a fairly well-known painter (and father of some other painter, Harm Kamerlingh Onnes + ), while his sister Jenny married another famous painter, Floris Verster + (1861–1927).

From 1882 to 1923 Kamerlingh Onnes offered as professor of experimental physics + in the College of Leiden + . In 1904 he founded a really large cryogenics + laboratory and asked other researchers towards the location, which made him highly considered within the scientific community.

The laboratory is famous now as Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory. Just one year after his appointment as professor he grew to become person in the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences + .

On 10 This summer 1908, he was the first one to liquefy helium + . using several precooling stages and also the Hampson-Linde cycle + in line with the Joule-Thomson effect + . By doing this he decreased the high temperature towards the boiling reason for helium (269 °C, 4.2 K). By reduction of pressure from the liquid helium he achieved a temperature near 1.5 K. They were the very coldest temperatures achieved on the planet + at that time. The gear employed reaches the Boerhaave Museum + in Leiden + .

In 1911 Kamerlingh Onnes measured the electrical conductivity of pure metals (mercury + . and then tin + and lead + ) at really low temperatures. Some scientists, for example William Thomson + (Lord Kelvin), thought that electron + s flowing via a conductor + will come to some complete halt or, quite simply, metal resistivity would become infinitely large at absolute zero. Others, including Kamerlingh Onnes, felt that the conductor’s electrical resistance would continuously decrease and drop to nil. Augustus Matthiessen + stated once the temperature decreases, the metal conductivity usually improves or quite simply, the electrical resistivity usually decreases having a loss of temperature.

On 8 April 1911, Kamerlingh Onnes discovered that at 4.2 K + the resistance inside a solid mercury wire immersed in liquid helium all of a sudden disappeared.

He immediately recognized the value of the invention (as grew to become obvious when his notebook was deciphered a hundred years later). He reported that “”Mercury has transpired right into a new condition, which due to its remarkable electrical qualities might be known as the superconductive state””. He printed more articles concerning the phenomenon, initially talking about it as being “”supraconductivity”” and, only later following a term “superconductivity”.

Kamerlingh Onnes received prevalent recognition for his work, such as the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physics + for (within the words from the committee) “”his investigations around the qualities of matter at low temperatures which brought, ”inter alia”, to producing liquid helium””.

A few of the instruments he devised for his experiments is visible in the Boerhaave Museum in Leiden + . The tools he accustomed to first liquefy helium is displayed within the lobby from the physics department at Leiden College + . in which the low-temperature lab can also be named in the recognition. His student and successor as director from the lab Willem Hendrik Keesom + was the very first individual who could solidify helium, in 1926. The previous Kamerlingh Onnes laboratory building is presently what the law states Faculty at Leiden College and is called “Kamerlingh Onnes Gebouw” (Kamerlingh Onnes Building), frequently shortened to “KOG”. The present science faculty includes a “Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium” named after him, in addition to a plaque and many machines utilized by Kamerling Onnes within the primary hall from the physics department.

Onnes’ discovery of superconductivity was named an IEEE Milestone + this year.

* Kamerlingh Onnes, H. “Nieuwe bewijzen voor de aswenteling der aarde.” Ph.D. dissertation. Groningen, Netherlands, 1879.
* Kamerlingh Onnes, H. “Algemeene theorie der vloeistoffen.” ”Amsterdam Akad. Verhandl” 21, 1881.
* Kamerlingh Onnes, H. “Around the Cryogenic Laboratory at Leyden as well as on producing Really Low Temperature.” ”Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden” 14, 1894.
* Kamerlingh Onnes, H. “Thorie gnrale de l’tat fluide.” ”Haarlem Arch. Neerl.” 30, 1896.
* Kamerlingh Onnes, H. “Further experiments with liquid helium. C. Around the change of electrical resistance of pure metals at really low temperatures, etc. IV. The resistance of pure mercury at helium temperatures.” ”Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden” No. 120b, 1911.
* Kamerlingh Onnes, H. “Further experiments with liquid helium. D. Around the change of electrical resistance of pure metals at really low temperatures, etc. V. The disappearance from the resistance of mercury.” ”Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden” No. 122b, 1911.
* Kamerlingh Onnes, H. “Further experiments with liquid helium. G. Around the electrical resistance of pure metals, etc. Mire. Around the sudden alternation in the speed where the resistance of mercury disappears.” ”Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden” No. 124c, 1911.
* Kamerlingh Onnes, H. “Around the Cheapest Temperature Yet Acquired.” ”Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden” No. 159, 1922.

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* Van Delft, D.
* Levelt-Sengers, J. M. H. + . “”How fluids unmix. breakthroughs through the School of Van der Waals and Kamerlingh Onnes””. Amsterdam, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2002. ISBN 90-6984-357-9.
* Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike, (Gavroglou, Kstas. [erectile dysfunction.], and Goudaroulis, Yorgos [erectile dysfunction.]) “”Through measurement to understanding. the chosen papers of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853–1926)””. Dordrecht, Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, c1991. Goudaroulis, Yorgos. ISBN -7923-0825-5
* Worldwide Institute of Refrigeration (First Worldwide Commission), “”Rapports et communications issus du Laboratoire Kamerlingh Onnes””. Worldwide Congress of Refrigeration (seventh 1936 La Hauge), Amsterdam, 1936.

commons:
* Nobel Prize + . —official site.
*, Nobel-winners.com.
* J. van living room Handel. in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland. (”’In Dutch”’).
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*. the primary competitor within the race to liquid helium.
* (1885–1898).
* of Kamerlingh Onnes (1885-1924).
Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1901-1925:

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes + Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Nederlander: [ns] 21 September 1853 – 21 Feb 1926) would be a Nederlander physicist and Nobel laureate.