Abstract
The studies were transported on the integrated control over grain leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), within the Punjab, Pakistan from 2005 to 2007. The primary objectives from the studies would screen the various genotypes of grain from the grain leaf folder so as not simply to find out the primary and secondary metabolites in comparatively resistant genotypes accountable for resistance mechanism but additionally to discover the outcome of abiotic factors, like relative humidity, temperature, rain fall etc. around the population fluctuations of grain leaf folder additionally to checking from the effectiveness of microbial and botanical pesticide against Cnaphalocrocis medinalis alone as well as in integration by having an egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis for any effective charge of the grain leaf folder. The information on publish treatment rise in leaf-invasion and larval-population were recorded ten days after the use of various treatments. The information on paddy-yield were, however, recorded at harvest. Cost benefit ratios were calculated, correspondingly, for every treatment, to be able to evaluate their relative cost efficiency.
 In our project, 16 advanced elite lines of coarse and fine grain including in your area suggested varieties were screened for his or her high, intermediate resistance and susceptible responses in line with the number of leaf-invasion, brought on by Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) during 2005. The information for larval-population, for every line/variety, were also recorded. Minimum leaf invasion was observed on Super Basmati (14.03 %), that was statistically at componen with this of Basmati-370 (14.29 %) and Basmati-198 (15.29%) and differed considerably from genotypes PK-5261, 99515, Basmati 2000, KS-133, IRRI-6, KS-282, Basmati-385 and 4-1-7909 which had 17.03, 18.68, 18.97, 19.81, 20.93, 21.06, 21.62 and 21.91 % leaf-invasion brought on by C.
medinalis. Genotype 00518-2 was discovered to be comparatively susceptible having a maximum invasion of 31.80% and it was statistically at componen with genotypes 00515-1 getting 30.79% invasion and it was statistically not the same as genotypes 7429-5-14-1-1, 48463 and 99518-2 which in fact had 26.71, 24.56 and 22.82% leaf invasion because of grain leaf folder. The utmost overall invasion of C. medinalis was noticed in second week of xiv September, 2005 and minimum observation was observed throughout the first week of the month.
 In the outcomes of preliminary screening trials, two genotypes, i.e. Super Basmati and Basmati-370 getting least invasion and 4 genotypes (Basmati-2000, KS-133, IRRI-6 and KS-282) showing intermediate leaf invasion (18.97, 19.92, 20.92 and 21.06%) and 2 genotypes (00518-2 and 00515-1) getting maximum leaf invasion (31.80 and 30.79% correspondingly), were selected for more screening during 2006 popping season. Minimum leaf-invasion brought on by C. medinalis was observed on Super Basmati (13.42 %), that was considerably not the same as those of Basmati-370, Basmati 2000, KS-133, IRRI-6 and KS-282 that demonstrated intermediate response.
Maximum leaf-invasion was observed on genotype 00518-2 also it was 30.84 %.
 Results demonstrated the fine types of grain are comparatively resistant than the coarse varieties. The genotypes selected from preliminary screening were also studied for his or her chemical-foundation of their potential to deal with the grain leaf folder. The outcome of abiotic factors for example relative humidity, temperature and rain fall etc. around the population fluctuations of aphids seemed to be studied with the correlation and multivariate regression models. The outcomes established that maximum temperature didn’t modify the invasion level considerably whereas the minimum temperature demonstrated a substantial and negative correlation with larval-population getting r-values of -.725 and -.013 during 2005 and 2005-06 correspondingly. The relative humidity demonstrated significant correlation getting positive response using the larval-population of C. medinalis with r-values of .693, .865 and .574 during 2005, 2006 and 2005-06 with each other. The result of rain fall around the larval-population of grain leaf folder was resolute to become negatively significant with rvalues of -.518, -.906 and .705 during 2005, 2006 and 2005-06 cumulatively.
 Genotypes 00515-1 contained maximum nitrogen and protein contents, that have been calculated to become 2.63% and 16.41%, correspondingly. The end result says fine varieties contain minimum nitrogen contents, within their leaves, than the coarse genotypes. The greatest NDF, was recorded to become 67.33% within the leaves of KS-133, whereas the cheapest NDF (51%)was discovered in Basmati 2000. The ADF contents within the xv leaves of KS-282, were discovered to be the cheapest (21.67%), whereas the greatest ADF amount was recorded to become 33% within the leaves of Super Basmati. Items in non-reducing sugars, were comparatively greater in coarse varieties compared to individuals from the fine basmati varieties, whereas the basmati varieties had more reducing sugar-contents compared to individuals of coarse grain varieties. Minimum cellulose-contents were contained in leaves of IRRI-6 (19.33%), while maximum cellulosecontents put together in Basmati 370 (29.33%). The leaves of IRRI-6 possessed minimum Zinc quantity (.2067 %), whereas maximum Zinc contents put together in Super Basmati (.31ppm). concentrations of Calcium were comparatively greater in coarse grain varieties than individuals in fine grain basmati genotypes, while power of Potassium was more within the leaves of proper grain varieties when compared with individuals in coarse grain varieties. Maximum volume of Phosphorus was calculated in genotypes 00518-2. Maximum Silica contents put together in genotype KS-282, that have been calculated to become 3.38%.
 Outcomes of the experiment regarding using biopesticides for the treating of grain leaf folder revealed the absolute minimum rise in the invasion following the treatments with Bacillus thuringiensis adopted with that with neem, spinosad, and darek which demonstrated 6.09, 7.83 and eight.85% rise in invasion, correspondingly, 7 days following the
 application. 
 
 Studies regarding integration of numerous control tactics for that charge of leafinfestation by grain leaf folder says minimum rise in the invasion (.59%) was noticed in the therapy where integration of rope-dragging, Trichogramma sp. Bt and neem was transported out. The outcomes of the treatment were statistically at componen with individuals of T (Trichogramma + Bt + Neem), T8 (Trichogramma + neem) as well as T7 (Trichogramma + Bt). The final outcome of those reports say that bio-insecticides (neem and Bt) modify the pest insect and they may be utilized in integration with egg parasitoid, Trichogramma to boost its bio-effectiveness against C. medinalis. Plant extracts and microbial formulations might be a highly effective option to conventional synthetic insecticides. Using these biopesticides may play a far more prominent role in integrated pest management programmes, later on.
Abstract
The studies were transported on the integrated control over grain leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), within the Punjab, Pakistan from 2005 to 2007. The primary objectives from the studies would screen the various genotypes of grain from the grain leaf folder so as not simply to find out the primary and secondary metabolites in comparatively resistant genotypes accountable for resistance mechanism but additionally to discover the outcome of abiotic factors, like relative humidity, temperature, rain fall etc. around the population fluctuations of grain leaf folder additionally to checking from the effectiveness of microbial and botanical pesticide against Cnaphalocrocis medinalis alone as well as in integration by having an egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis for any effective charge of the grain leaf folder. The information on publish treatment rise in leaf-invasion and larval-population were recorded ten days after the use of various treatments. The information on paddy-yield were, however, recorded at harvest. Cost benefit ratios were calculated, correspondingly, for every treatment, to be able to evaluate their relative cost efficiency.
 In our project, 16 advanced elite lines of coarse and fine grain including in your area suggested varieties were screened for his or her high, intermediate resistance and susceptible responses in line with the number of leaf-invasion, brought on by Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) during 2005. The information for larval-population, for every line/variety, were also recorded. Minimum leaf invasion was observed on Super Basmati (14.03 %), that was statistically at componen with this of Basmati-370 (14.29 %) and Basmati-198 (15.29%) and differed considerably from genotypes PK-5261, 99515, Basmati 2000, KS-133, IRRI-6, KS-282, Basmati-385 and 4-1-7909 which had 17.03, 18.68, 18.97, 19.81, 20.93, 21.06, 21.62 and 21.91 % leaf-invasion brought on by C. medinalis. Genotype 00518-2 was discovered to be comparatively susceptible having a maximum invasion of 31.80% and it was statistically at componen with genotypes 00515-1 getting 30.79% invasion and it was statistically not the same as genotypes 7429-5-14-1-1, 48463 and 99518-2 which in fact had 26.71, 24.56 and 22.82% leaf invasion because of grain leaf folder. The utmost overall invasion of C. medinalis was noticed in second week of xiv September, 2005 and minimum observation was observed throughout the first week of the month.
 In the outcomes of preliminary screening trials, two genotypes, i.e. Super Basmati and Basmati-370 getting least invasion and 4 genotypes (Basmati-2000, KS-133, IRRI-6 and KS-282) showing intermediate leaf invasion (18.97, 19.92, 20.92 and 21.06%) and 2 genotypes (00518-2 and 00515-1) getting maximum leaf invasion (31.80 and 30.79% correspondingly), were selected for more screening during 2006 popping season. Minimum leaf-invasion brought on by C. medinalis was observed on Super Basmati (13.42 %), that was considerably not the same as those of Basmati-370, Basmati 2000, KS-133, IRRI-6 and KS-282 that demonstrated intermediate response. Maximum leaf-invasion was observed on genotype 00518-2 also it was 30.84 %.
 Results demonstrated the fine types of grain are comparatively resistant than the coarse varieties. The genotypes selected from preliminary screening were also studied for his or her chemical-foundation of their potential to deal with the grain leaf folder. The outcome of abiotic factors for example relative humidity, temperature and rain fall etc. around the population fluctuations of aphids seemed to be studied with the correlation and multivariate regression models. The outcomes established that maximum temperature didn’t modify the invasion level considerably whereas the minimum temperature demonstrated a substantial and negative correlation with larval-population getting r-values of -.725 and -.013 during 2005 and 2005-06 correspondingly. The relative humidity demonstrated significant correlation getting positive response using the larval-population of C. medinalis with r-values of .693, .865 and .574 during 2005, 2006 and 2005-06 with each other. The result of rain fall around the larval-population of grain leaf folder was resolute to become negatively significant with rvalues of -.518, -.906 and .705 during 2005, 2006 and 2005-06 cumulatively.
 Genotypes 00515-1 contained maximum nitrogen and protein contents, that have been calculated to become 2.63% and 16.41%, correspondingly. The end result says fine varieties contain minimum nitrogen contents, within their leaves, than the coarse genotypes. The greatest NDF, was recorded to become 67.33% within the leaves of KS-133, whereas the cheapest NDF (51%)was discovered in Basmati 2000. The ADF contents within the xv leaves of KS-282, were discovered to be the cheapest (21.67%), whereas the greatest ADF amount was recorded to become 33% within the leaves of Super Basmati. Items in non-reducing sugars, were comparatively greater in coarse varieties compared to individuals from the fine basmati varieties, whereas the basmati varieties had more reducing sugar-contents compared to individuals of coarse grain varieties. Minimum cellulose-contents were contained in leaves of IRRI-6 (19.33%), while maximum cellulosecontents put together in Basmati 370 (29.33%). The leaves of IRRI-6 possessed minimum Zinc quantity (.2067 %), whereas maximum Zinc contents put together in Super Basmati (.31ppm). concentrations of Calcium were comparatively greater in coarse grain varieties than individuals in fine grain basmati genotypes, while power of Potassium was more within the leaves of proper grain varieties when compared with individuals in coarse grain varieties. Maximum volume of Phosphorus was calculated in genotypes 00518-2. Maximum Silica contents put together in genotype KS-282, that have been calculated to become 3.38%.
 Outcomes of the experiment regarding using biopesticides for the treating of grain leaf folder revealed the absolute minimum rise in the invasion following the treatments with Bacillus thuringiensis adopted with that with neem, spinosad, and darek which demonstrated 6.09, 7.83 and eight.85% rise in invasion, correspondingly, 7 days following the
 application. 
 
 Studies regarding integration of numerous control tactics for that charge of leafinfestation by grain leaf folder says minimum rise in the invasion (.59%) was noticed in the therapy where integration of rope-dragging, Trichogramma sp. Bt and neem was transported out. The outcomes of the treatment were statistically at componen with individuals of T (Trichogramma + Bt + Neem), T8 (Trichogramma + neem) as well as T7 (Trichogramma + Bt). The final outcome of those reports say that bio-insecticides (neem and Bt) modify the pest insect and they may be utilized in integration with egg parasitoid, Trichogramma to boost its bio-effectiveness against C. medinalis. Plant extracts and microbial formulations might be a highly effective option to conventional synthetic insecticides. Using these biopesticides may play a far more prominent role in integrated pest management programmes, later on.
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