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Printed: 23, March 2015

The overall theory of seismic reflection and transmission of waves that incident obliquely inside an interface between two fluid-filled porous rocks resembles that for two main elastic non dissipative media. Based on Biot’s theory, an isotropic homogeneous porous rock that is pore-filling fluid are treated with regards to two interpenetrating elastic continuation, (Dutta, et al. 1983).

The first use of amplitude information as hydrocarbon indicators what food was in early 1970s when the was discovered that vibrant-place amplitude anomalies might be connected with hydrocarbon traps (Hammond, 2011).

More and more more quantitative work after Ryseth et al. (1998) who used acoustic impedance inversions to help the interpretation of sand channels, and Zeng, et al. (1996) used forward modeling to improve the knowledge of shallow marine facies from seismic amplitudes. Neri, (1997) used neural systems to map facies from seismic pulse shape.

Two-dimensional and three-dimensional seismic submissions are the present primary exploration tool helpful for deepwater sandstone reservoir delineation Sandstone and shale characteristics vary broadly in a number of regions of world. Reservoir sandstones have velocities which may be greater minimizing than encasing shale, which can create a positive, negative or no reflection (Batzle, et al. 2000).

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A multiplicity of merchandise influences seismic reflection and transmition coefficients along with the observed gravity of typical sedimentary rocks. Reflection and transmission coefficients may be defined frequently, like the amount of energy fluxes. One way should be to define these coefficients as the quantity of matrix displacement amplitude within the appropriate Boot’s wave along with the incident amplitude (Nietzsche, 2005).

The rate and density within the Rocks depend round the mineral composition along with the granular nature within the rock matrix, cementation, porosity, fluid content and ecological pressure. Depth of funeral and geologic age offers an impact.

Lithology and porosity may be related empirically to velocity when-average equation. This equation is better once the rock is under substantial pressure that is saturated with brine while offering well-cemented grains. Regarding added low porosity rocks under large pressures, the mineral composition may be associated with velocity using the theories of Voigt and Reuss (Gardner, et al.,1974).

The primary reason behind this chapter should be to interpret the lithologies of Miocene succession within the subsurface. Geologically concept of seismic reflection is only a symbol of the acoustic boundary where you must know that whether this boundary can be a stratigraphic mention of the every other boundary. This chapter describes the seismic characteristics (for example acoustic impedance, reflection and transmition coefficient) furthermore to determines the lithologies within the Miocene succession. The seismic characteristics and lithologies are determined using Gardner’s (1974) of velocity-density relation in rocks of several lithology.

4.2 METHODOLOGY AND RESULT

The study methodology and results includes the acoustic impedance, seismic coefficients, formation velocities and densities calculations which are discussed the following

4.2.1 Acoustic Impedance

The acoustic impedance in the rock may be the product from the density () that is wave velocity (v), this is a fundamental physical property of rocks in past statistics it’s given as under

Where, Z is acoustic impedance, is density (g/cc) and v is velocity (m/s). Glare arise at limitations in which the acoustic impedance changes, impedance doesn’t change even when lithology changes. The higher the advance inside the acoustic impedance the higher effective may be the reflection.

To obtain the acoustic impedance, the velocities inside the selected seismic sections were calculated. These velocities were then present in contouring program Surfer 10. for modeling, the very best output inside the surfer 10. program is supplied in Figure 4.1. The variation colored signifies high acoustic impedance values occur mainly on South-Western region within the study area, while many of the studied area comprises rocks getting acoustic impedance value vary from 7000 to 9000 g/m2.s exactly what are moderate values generally is due to loose materials for example soil, alluvium and sand, (Appendix IV).

Within the comparison of 2D model (Figure 4.1) with 3D model (Figure 4.2) it’s noted the top acoustic impedance exist in the South-West region within the study area (yellow color region, acoustic impedance is different from 1,000 to 12,000 g/m2.s) this signifies the existence of compacted lithology deposited, within the slope fan depositional setting. The existence of sand physiques (as apparent inside the velocities of seismic lines calculated in chapter 03) symbolized by fast color in Figure 4.1, further strengthens the interpretation of potential reservoir interval within the study area.

4.2.2 Reflection Coefficient

Robinson, 1988).

4.3.1 Lithology identification an over-all procedure

There’s two primary parameter require to understand the lithology of several formation.

Interval velocity (Vint)

Both of these parameter were selected to interpret the lithology by simple correlation within the average interval velocity and average density within the formation round the standard modified graph of Gardner, et al. (1974), by which bulk densities versus velocity for several lithology were plotted in Figure 4.10.

4.3.2 Velocity-Density-Lithology Correlations

Inside our study interval velocities were calculated in feet/sec and density in gm/cm3. By using standard graph of Gardner, et al. (1974), a vertical based line based typically calculated cost of density along with a horizontal line based typically calculated interval velocity value are forecasted for every contact. The goal of intersection

Figure 4.10 Generalized graph of Velocity-Density relation in rocks of several lithology modified after Gardner, et al, (1974).

in the lines provides the appropriate kind of lithology that’s proven in Figures

Sign from the quantity of P-wave velocities and lesser selection of bulk densities for the more widespread sedimentary rock types through a variety of depths is supplied in Figure 4.10

Inside our see the lithology of Miocene succession is construed using seven seismic lines. The bottom and top time, depth of marked reflector provides the average interval velocity and utilizing interval velocity the standard density valued is calculated that’s then used to obtain the density at the pinnacle and bottom within the reflector. In this way the lithology was recognized by supper imposing the lines attracted matches density and interval velocity on graph produced by Gardner, et al. (1974). The Lithological interpretation of seismic lines is supplied below. All of the values and coordinates inside the seismic line and well log data receive in Appendix V.

4.3.3 Lithology identification of Line No 86-9007

The interval velocity in feet/sec and bulk density in gm/cm3 were calculated for every shot cause of reflector, the standard within the bulk density and interval velocity were then acquired for studied reflector that’s 10199 feet/sec and average bulk density is 2.3 gm/cm3. A vertical based line was attracted like the density cost of two.3 gm/cm3 along with a horizontal line attracted matches the interval velocity 10199 feet/sec on standard graph of Gardner, et al. (1974). The goal of intersection in the lines gives the kind of lithology of reflector, proven in Figure 4.11. The lithology identified for the reflector may be shale. The outcome were verified form well data located in the studied area (Appendix 3).

4.3.4 Lithology identification of Line No 86-9013

The standard interval velocity calculated from seismic section line number 86-9013 is 10397 feet/sec and average bulk density is 2.4 gm/cm3. A vertical based and horizontal line was attracted much like 2.4 gm/cm3 and 12532 feet/sec correspondingly within the similar fashion when it comes to last line on standard graph of Gardner, et al. (1974). Precisely what of intersection in the lines lie close to shale line by

Figure 4.11 Lithological interpretation of line # 86-9007 showing the shale exists in this area.

Figure 4.12 Lithological interpretation of line # 86-9013 is showing the existence of shale based on velocity and density.

correlating with well log data (Appendix 3), the Miocene rock comprises mostly shale during this line, (see Figure 4.12.)

4.4.5 Lithology identification of Line No 86-9029

Exactly the same method was requested this line as outlined above. A vertical based and horizontal line was attracted much like 2.2 gm/cm3 and 9880 feet/sec correspondingly on standard graph of Gardner, et al. (1974). Precisely what of intersection in the lines also lie close to shale line by correlating with well log data (Appendix 3) the Miocene succession comprises mostly shale during this line, (Figure 4.13).

4.3.6 Lithology identification of Line No 86-9072

A vertical based and horizontal line was attracted much like 2.37 gm/cm3 and 11374 feet/sec correspondingly on standard graph of Gardner, et al (1974). Precisely what of intersection in the lines lie close to sandstone line by correlating with well log data the Miocene rock (Appendix 3), comprises mostly sandstone during this line, see Figure 4.14.

4.3.7 Lithology identification of Line No 86-9052

Using this line a vertical based and horizontal line was attracted much like 2.30gm/cm3 and 9943 feet/sec correspondingly on standard graph of Gardner, et al. (1974). Precisely what of intersection in the lines also lie close to shale line by correlating with well log data the Miocene rock comprises mostly shale during this line, see Figure 4.15.

4.3.8 Lithology identification of Line No 86-9068

Using this line a vertical based and horizontal line was attracted much like 2.2 gm/cm3 and 9876 feet/sec correspondingly on standard graph of Gardner, et al. (1974). Precisely what of intersection in the lines also lie close to shale line by correlating with well log data (Appendix 3), the Miocene succession comprises mostly shale during this line, see Figure 4.16.

4.3.9 Lithology identification of Line No 86-9033

Using this line a vertical based and horizontal line was attracted much like 2.31 gm/cm3 and 10052 feet/sec correspondingly on standard graph of Gardner, et al. (1974). Precisely what of intersection in the lines also lie close to shale line by correlating with

well log data (Appendix 3) the Miocene rock comprises mostly shale during this line, see Figure 4.17.

Figure 4.13 Lithological interpretation of line # 86-9029also

showing shale in this area of study area.

Figure 4.14 Lithological interpretation of line # 86-9072 is showing sandstone in this area within the study area.

Figure 4.15 Lithological interpretation of line # 86-9052 which shows

the shale within the focus the research area.

Figure 4.16 Lithological interpretation of line # 86-9068 which shows the shale within the focus the research area.

Figure 4.17 Lithological interpretation of line # 86-9033

is lie near the sandstone within the study area.

3.4 Conclusions

The seven seismic line is really construed, which introduced to regarding Acoustic Impedance based on density and velocities from seismic type of the research area, Transmition and Reflection coefficient and interval velocity maps. The lithology within the different formation remains recognized by using standard graph of Gardner, et al. (1974) in study area. All of the solutions are prepared while using the Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) data. Inside the interpretation of seismic lines the outcome are:

The of acoustic impedance are progressively increases, from 2000 to 17000 within the civilized world region. Plus Reflection coefficient map their value is differs from .3 to -.4 (Figure 4.1 to 4.4). Each one of these values form models, which show industry getting soft surface may be shale or sand stone.

Within the transmition coefficient which showing the were increases from .7 one.4 progressively within the civilized world region, whereas interval velocity our prime values within the civilized world region differs from 200 to 6200. Inside the values within the transmition coefficient plus interval velocity it signifies this region also getting shale of sand stone, see Figure 4.5 to 4.8.

Inside our see the lithology of Miocene succession is construed using seven seismic lines. Serious amounts of depth of marked reflector provides the average interval velocity, by using interval velocity the standard density valued is calculated that’s frequently familiar with determined the density at the pinnacle and bottom within the reflector. The identified lithology inside the reflector may be shale, for line figures 86-9013, 86-9029, 86-9052, 86-9068, 86-9033, and sandstone for line number 86-9072. The outcome were verified form well data located (Appendix 5) within the studied area.

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